Our expertise · Sources

The sources we build on

This is the full list of studies and documents we cite on our topic pages, in our principles and in our articles — 135 sources, each linked to its DOI or official page. For each one we say what we checked: the abstract was read (only then do we quote numbers), only the bibliographic details (general conclusion only), or an official institutional document.

185sources with verified existence in our evidence base

135of them cited on this website

12unverified sources we don’t use

8 Nov 2026last verified

What the labels next to sources mean

abstract abstract or full text read
metadata bibliographic details verified
institution official institutional document

How we check our sources

We checked the bibliographic details of every article (authors, year, title, journal, DOI) in the Crossref database, and institutions on their official websites.
We only quote numbers — effects, percentages, numbers of children — from studies whose abstract or full text we have read.
For sources where we have only verified the bibliographic details, we state only the general, widely accepted conclusion — without numbers.
With each claim we say the type of study, the sample, the age and what was measured. Understanding a story is not the same as changing behaviour.
We don’t use sources we couldn’t verify. The verification status says what we checked — not how strong the study is.

Our expertise

Child development

12 sources

Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529 metadata
Where we cite it
Anger and calming down · Losing and mistakes · Tidying up
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 495–525. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208 metadata
Where we cite it
Anger and calming down
Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations (2nd ed.). metadata
Where we cite it
Siblings · Losing and mistakes
Harter, S., & Buddin, B. J. (1987). Children's understanding of the simultaneity of two emotions: A five-stage developmental acquisition sequence. Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 388–399. doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.388 metadata
Where we cite it
Anger and calming down
Killen, M., & Smetana, J. G. (2015). Origins and development of morality. In Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (pp. 1–49). Wiley. doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy317 metadata
Where we cite it
Agreements and listening
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Gadet, B., & Moulaert, V. (2000). Fears, worries, and scary dreams in 4- to 12-year-old children: Their content, developmental pattern, and origins. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 43–52. doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2901_5 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Fear and courage
Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). "John thinks that Mary thinks that…": Attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39(3), 437–471. doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 metadata
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Pons, F., Harris, P. L., & de Rosnay, M. (2004). Emotion comprehension between 3 and 11 years: Developmental periods and hierarchical organization. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1(2), 127–152. doi.org/10.1080/17405620344000022 metadata
Where we cite it
Anger and calming down
Somerville, L. H. (2013). The teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 121–127. doi.org/10.1177/0963721413476512 metadata
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Telling a trusted adult · Losing and mistakes · Fear and courage
Sparks, G. G., & Cantor, J. (1986). Developmental differences in fright responses to a television program depicting a character transformation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30(3), 309–323. doi.org/10.1080/08838158609386626 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Fear and courage
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press. metadata
Where we cite it
Telling a trusted adult · Siblings · Agreements and listening
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655–684. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00304 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise

Learning from stories, reading and personalisation

23 sources

Cho, J.-E., & Yim, D. (2024). The impact of personalized book reading activities using AI-generated stories on vocabulary acquisition in preschool children. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 29(4), 686–702. doi.org/10.12963/csd.240041 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Dodell-Feder, D., & Tamir, D. I. (2018). Fiction reading has a small positive impact on social cognition: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(11), 1713–1727. doi.org/10.1037/xge0000395 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Flack, Z. M., Field, A. P., & Horst, J. S. (2018). The effects of shared storybook reading on word learning: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 54(7), 1334–1346. doi.org/10.1037/dev0000512 abstract
Where we cite it
Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342(6156), 377–380. doi.org/10.1126/science.1239918 abstract
Where we cite it
Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Kucirkova, N., Messer, D., & Sheehy, K. (2014). Reading personalized books with preschool children enhances their word acquisition. First Language, 34(3), 227–243. doi.org/10.1177/0142723714534221 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Larsen, N. E., Lee, K., & Ganea, P. A. (2018). Do storybooks with anthropomorphized animal characters promote prosocial behaviors in young children? Developmental Science, 21(3), e12590. doi.org/10.1111/desc.12590 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Mares, M.-L., & Acosta, E. E. (2008). Be kind to three-legged dogs: Children's literal interpretations of TV's moral lessons. Media Psychology, 11(3), 377–399. doi.org/10.1080/15213260802204355 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Friendship and disability · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour · How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Mol, S. E., Bus, A. G., de Jong, M. T., & Smeets, D. J. H. (2008). Added value of dialogic parent–child book readings: A meta-analysis. Early Education and Development, 19(1), 7–26. doi.org/10.1080/10409280701838603 abstract
Where we cite it
Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Montgomery, P., & Maunders, K. (2015). The effectiveness of creative bibliotherapy for internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors in children: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 55, 37–47. doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.010 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Narvaez, D., Bentley, J., Gleason, T., & Samuels, J. (1998). Moral theme comprehension in third graders, fifth graders, and college students. Reading Psychology, 19(2), 217–241. doi.org/10.1080/0270271980190203 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Narvaez, D., Gleason, T., Mitchell, C., & Bentley, J. (1999). Moral theme comprehension in children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 477–487. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.477 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Neuenschwander, R., Brüniger, P., & Fellmann, C. (2025). Personalization effects on child involvement during shared book reading: Do children of color benefit most? European Journal of Psychology of Education, 40(4). doi.org/10.1007/s10212-025-01026-5 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Panero, M. E., Weisberg, D. S., Black, J., Goldstein, T. R., Barnes, J. L., Brownell, H., & Winner, E. (2016). Does reading a single passage of literary fiction really improve theory of mind? An attempt at replication. JPSP, 111(5), e46–e54. doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000064 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Richert, R. A., & Smith, E. I. (2011). Preschoolers' quarantining of fantasy stories. Child Development, 82(4), 1106–1119. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01603.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Richert, R. A., Shawber, A. B., Hoffman, R. E., & Taylor, M. (2009). Learning from fantasy and real characters in preschool and kindergarten. Journal of Cognition and Development, 10(1–2), 41–66. doi.org/10.1080/15248370902966594 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Schunk, D. H. (1987). Peer models and children's behavioral change. Review of Educational Research, 57(2), 149–174. doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002149 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Schunk, D. H., Hanson, A. R., & Cox, P. D. (1987). Peer-model attributes and children's achievement behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(1), 54–61. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.79.1.54 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Strouse, G. A., O'Doherty, K., & Troseth, G. L. (2013). Effective coviewing: Preschoolers' learning from video after a dialogic questioning intervention. Developmental Psychology, 49(12), 2368–2382. doi.org/10.1037/a0032463 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Takacs, Z. K., Swart, E. K., & Bus, A. G. (2014). Can the computer replace the adult for storybook reading? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1366. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01366 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Takacs, Z. K., Swart, E. K., & Bus, A. G. (2015). Benefits and pitfalls of multimedia and interactive features in technology-enhanced storybooks: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 698–739. doi.org/10.3102/0034654314566989 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Walker, C. M., & Lombrozo, T. (2017). Explaining the moral of the story. Cognition, 167, 266–281. doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.007 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Walker, C. M., Gopnik, A., & Ganea, P. A. (2015). Learning to learn from stories: Children's developing sensitivity to the causal structure of fictional worlds. Child Development, 86(1), 310–318. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12287 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour
Xu, Y., Aubele, J., Vigil, V., Bustamante, A. S., Kim, Y.-S., & Warschauer, M. (2022). Dialogue with a conversational agent promotes children's story comprehension via enhancing engagement. Child Development, 93(2), e149–e167. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13708 abstract
Where we cite it
Do children learn anything from stories? What research says about stories and behaviour

Social-emotional learning, parenting, motivation and praise

29 sources

Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887. doi.org/10.2307/1126611 metadata
Where we cite it
Agreements and listening
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt. 2), 1–103. doi.org/10.1037/h0030372 metadata
Where we cite it
Agreements and listening
Brummelman, E., Nelemans, S. A., Thomaes, S., & Orobio de Castro, B. (2017). When parents' praise inflates, children's self-esteem deflates. Child Development, 88(6), 1799–1809. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12936 abstract
Where we cite it
How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Nelemans, S. A., Orobio de Castro, B., Overbeek, G., & Bushman, B. J. (2015). Origins of narcissism in children. PNAS, 112(12), 3659–3662. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420870112 abstract
Where we cite it
How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Orobio de Castro, B., Overbeek, G., & Bushman, B. J. (2014). "That's not just beautiful—that's incredibly beautiful!" Psychological Science, 25(3), 728–735. doi.org/10.1177/0956797613514251 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Burnette, J. L., et al. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work? Psychological Bulletin, 149(3–4), 174–205. doi.org/10.1037/bul0000368 abstract
Where we cite it
Losing and mistakes · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Cipriano, C., et al. (2023). The state of evidence for social and emotional learning: A contemporary meta-analysis of universal school-based SEL interventions. Child Development, 94(5), 1181–1204. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13968 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Tidying up · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps? · What to do when your child lies? Why punishment doesn’t encourage honesty
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Foster-Hanson, E., Cimpian, A., Leshin, R. A., & Rhodes, M. (2020). Asking children to "be helpers" can backfire after setbacks. Child Development, 91(1), 236–248. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13147 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 453–469. doi.org/10.1037/fam0000191 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Agreements and listening · What to do when your child lies? Why punishment doesn’t encourage honesty
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243–268. doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243 metadata
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Anger and calming down
Gunderson, E. A., Gripshover, S. J., Romero, C., Dweck, C. S., Goldin-Meadow, S., & Levine, S. C. (2013). Parent praise to 1- to 3-year-olds predicts children's motivational frameworks 5 years later. Child Development, 84(5), 1526–1541. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12064 abstract
Where we cite it
Losing and mistakes · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Hagger, M. S., et al. (2016). A multilab preregistered replication of the ego-depletion effect. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 546–573. doi.org/10.1177/1745691616652873 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Anger and calming down
Havighurst, S. S., et al. (2013). "Tuning into Kids": Reducing young children's behavior problems using an emotion coaching parenting program. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44(2), 247–264. doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0322-1 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Anger and calming down
Havighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Prior, M. R., & Kehoe, C. (2010). Tuning in to Kids: Improving emotion socialization practices in parents of preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1342–1350. doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02303.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Anger and calming down
Joussemet, M., Landry, R., & Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 194–200. doi.org/10.1037/a0012754 metadata
Where we cite it
Tidying up
Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Koenig, A. L. (1995). A longitudinal study of the roots of preschoolers' conscience: Committed compliance and emerging internalization. Child Development, 66(6), 1752. doi.org/10.2307/1131908 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Agreements and listening
Macnamara, B. N., & Burgoyne, A. P. (2023). Do growth mindset interventions impact students' academic achievement? Psychological Bulletin, 149(3–4), 133–173. doi.org/10.1037/bul0000352 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Losing and mistakes · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children's motivation and performance. JPSP, 75(1), 33–52. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Losing and mistakes · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53(5), 873–932. doi.org/10.1037/dev0000295 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Agreements and listening
Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. Psychological Science, 29(4), 549–571. doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739704 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Losing and mistakes · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71(4), 1072–1085. doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · First phone: what to agree with your child
Steindl, C., Jonas, E., Sittenthaler, S., Traut-Mattausch, E., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Understanding psychological reactance. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 223(4), 205–214. doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000222 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345–372. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145 metadata
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Van Petegem, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2015). Rebels with a cause? Adolescent defiance from the perspective of reactance theory and self-determination theory. Child Development, 86(3), 903–918. doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12355 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Anger and calming down · Siblings · Tidying up · Agreements and listening · First phone: what to agree with your child
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Soenens, B., & Matos, L. (2005). Examining the motivational impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal framing and autonomy-supportive versus internally controlling communication style. Child Development, 76(2), 483–501. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00858.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Anger and calming down · Tidying up · Agreements and listening
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1785–1788. doi.org/10.1037/a0013860 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Tidying up · How should you praise a child so the praise really helps?
Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., & Quan, H. (2018). Revisiting the marshmallow test. Psychological Science, 29(7), 1159–1177. doi.org/10.1177/0956797618761661 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise

Topics: fear, siblings, honesty and chores

15 sources

Creswell, C., et al. (2017). Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of brief guided parent-delivered CBT and solution-focused brief therapy for treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: RCT. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(7), 529–539. doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30149-9 metadata
Where we cite it
Fear and courage
Feinberg, M. E., et al. (2013). Siblings Are Special: Initial test of a new approach for preventing youth behavior problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(2), 166–173. doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.004 metadata
Where we cite it
Siblings
James, A. C., Reardon, T., Soler, A., James, G., & Creswell, C. (2020). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020(11), CD013162. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013162.pub2 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Fear and courage
Kennedy, D. E., & Kramer, L. (2008). Improving emotion regulation and sibling relationship quality: The More Fun With Sisters and Brothers program. Family Relations, 57(5), 567–578. doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00523.x abstract
Where we cite it
Siblings
Lebowitz, E. R., Marin, C., Martino, A., Shimshoni, Y., & Silverman, W. K. (2020). Parent-based treatment as efficacious as CBT for childhood anxiety (SPACE). JAACAP, 59(3), 362–372. doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.014 metadata
Where we cite it
Fear and courage
Lee, K., Talwar, V., McCarthy, A., Ross, I., Evans, A., & Arruda, C. (2014). Can classic moral stories promote honesty in children? Psychological Science, 25(8), 1630–1636. doi.org/10.1177/0956797614536401 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · What to do when your child lies? Why punishment doesn’t encourage honesty
McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Whiteman, S. D. (2012). Sibling relationships and influences in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 913–930. doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01011.x metadata
Where we cite it
Siblings
Schonfeld, D. J., Demaria, T., & AAP (2016). Supporting the grieving child and family. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20162147. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2147 metadata
Where we cite it
Grief and loss
Speece, M. W., & Brent, S. B. (1984). Children's understanding of death: A review of three components of a death concept. Child Development, 55(5), 1671. doi.org/10.2307/1129915 metadata
Where we cite it
Grief and loss
Talwar, V., & Lee, K. (2008). Social and cognitive correlates of children's lying behavior. Child Development, 79(4), 866–881. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01164.x abstract
Where we cite it
What to do when your child lies? Why punishment doesn’t encourage honesty
Talwar, V., & Lee, K. (2011). A punitive environment fosters children's dishonesty: A natural experiment. Child Development, 82(6), 1751–1758. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01663.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · What to do when your child lies? Why punishment doesn’t encourage honesty
Talwar, V., Arruda, C., & Yachison, S. (2015). The effects of punishment and appeals for honesty on children's truth-telling behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 130, 209–217. doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.011 abstract
Where we cite it
What to do when your child lies? Why punishment doesn’t encourage honesty
Tepper, D. L., Howell, T. J., & Bennett, P. C. (2022). Executive functions and household chores: Does engagement in chores predict children's cognition? Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 69(5), 585–598. doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12822 metadata
Where we cite it
Tidying up
Thirlwall, K., Cooper, P. J., Karalus, J., Voysey, M., Willetts, L., & Creswell, C. (2013). Treatment of child anxiety disorders via guided parent-delivered CBT: RCT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203(6), 436–444. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126698 metadata
Where we cite it
Fear and courage
White, E. M., DeBoer, M. D., & Scharf, R. J. (2019). Associations between household chores and childhood self-competency. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 40(3), 176–182. doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000637 metadata
Where we cite it
Tidying up

Exclusion, bullying, groups and prejudice

15 sources

Abrams, D., Weick, M., Thomas, D., Colbe, H., & Franklin, K. M. (2011). On-line ostracism affects children differently from adolescents and adults. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 110–123. doi.org/10.1348/026151010x494089 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Friends and being left out
APA Zero Tolerance Task Force (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63(9), 852–862. doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.852 abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Telling a trusted adult
Axford, N., et al. (2020). The effectiveness of the KiVa bullying prevention program in Wales, UK. Prevention Science, 21(5), 615–626. doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01103-9 abstract
Where we cite it
Telling a trusted adult
Bierman, K. L., & Furman, W. (1984). The effects of social skills training and peer involvement on the social adjustment of preadolescents. Child Development, 55(1), 151. doi.org/10.2307/1129841 metadata
Where we cite it
Friends and being left out
Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006). Extended contact through story reading in school: Reducing children's prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62(3), 469–488. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00469.x abstract
Where we cite it
Friendship and disability · How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., & Douch, R. (2006). Changing children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees: Testing different models of extended contact. Child Development, 77(5), 1208–1219. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00929.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise
Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social Development, 10(4), 512–527. doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00178 abstract
Where we cite it
Telling a trusted adult
Huitsing, G., et al. (2020). A large-scale replication of the effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: An RCT in the Netherlands. Prevention Science, 21(5), 627–638. doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01116-4 abstract
Where we cite it
Telling a trusted adult
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 4–6. Child Development, 82(1), 311–330. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01557.x abstract
Where we cite it
Our expertise · Telling a trusted adult
Mikami, A. Y., et al. (2013). A randomized trial of a classroom intervention to increase peers' social inclusion of children with ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(1), 100–112. doi.org/10.1037/a0029654 abstract
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Olweus, D. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751–780. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516 abstract
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Our expertise · Telling a trusted adult
Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., & Pigott, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs' effects on bystander intervention behavior. School Psychology Review, 41(1), 47–65. doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2012.12087375 abstract
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Our expertise · Telling a trusted adult
Roseth, C. J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008). Promoting early adolescents' achievement and peer relationships: The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 223–246. doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.223 abstract
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Friends and being left out
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1–15. doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T metadata
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Our expertise · Friends and being left out · Telling a trusted adult
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641 abstract
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Friends and being left out

Safety, disclosure and warning signs

18 sources

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How to protect your child from online grooming
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., & Colburn, D. (2022). Prevalence of online sexual offenses against children in the US. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2234471. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.34471 abstract
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Safe online · How to protect your child from online grooming
Finkelhor, D., Walsh, K., Jones, L., Mitchell, K., & Collier, A. (2021). Youth internet safety education: Aligning programs with the evidence base. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(5), 1233–1247. doi.org/10.1177/1524838020916257 abstract
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Thorn & NCMEC (2024). Trends in Financial Sextortion: An investigation of sextortion reports in NCMEC CyberTipline data. info.thorn.org/hubfs/Research/Thorn_TrendsInFinancialSextortion_June2024.pdf institution
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Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., & Shlonsky, A. (2015). School-based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(4), CD004380. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004380.pub3 abstract
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Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Walsh, W., & Treitman, L. (2018). Sextortion of minors: Characteristics and dynamics. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(1), 72–79. doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.08.014 abstract
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Someone is blackmailing my child with a photo: what to do now

AI, the digital environment and ethics

8 sources

Beyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., Keijsers, L., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2020). The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent. Scientific Reports, 10, 10763. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67727-7 abstract
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Social media and comparison: what we know about 10–14s
Kurian, N. (2025). 'No, Alexa, no!': Designing child-safe AI and protecting children from the risks of the 'empathy gap' in large language models. Learning, Media and Technology, 50(4), 621–634. doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2024.2367052 abstract
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Our expertise
McBain, R. K., et al. (2025). Evaluation of alignment between large language models and expert clinicians in suicide risk assessment. Psychiatric Services, 76(11), 944–950. doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20250086 abstract
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Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173–182. doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 abstract
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Safe online · Social media and comparison: what we know about 10–14s
Orben, A., Przybylski, A. K., Blakemore, S.-J., & Kievit, R. A. (2022). Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media. Nature Communications, 13, 1649. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29296-3 abstract
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Safe online · Social media and comparison: what we know about 10–14s
Radesky, J., et al. (2022). Prevalence and characteristics of manipulative design in mobile applications used by children. JAMA Network Open, 5(6), e2217641. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17641 abstract
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Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., & Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo abstract
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First phone: what to agree with your child
Valkenburg, P. M., Meier, A., & Beyens, I. (2022). Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 58–68. doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.017 abstract
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Safe online · Social media and comparison: what we know about 10–14s

Disability and inclusion

15 sources

Armstrong, M., Morris, C., Abraham, C., & Tarrant, M. (2017). Interventions utilising contact with people with disabilities to improve children's attitudes towards disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disability and Health Journal, 10(1), 11–22. doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.10.003 abstract
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Friendship and disability · How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Armstrong, M., Morris, C., Abraham, C., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Tarrant, M. (2016). Children's contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards disability: A cross-sectional study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(9), 879–888. doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1074727 abstract
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Friendship and disability · How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Ayala, E. C. (1999). „Poor little things“ and „brave little souls“: The portrayal of individuals with disabilities in children's literature. Reading Research and Instruction, 39(1), 103–117. doi.org/10.1080/19388079909558314 abstract
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How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Beckett, A., Ellison, N., Barrett, S., & Shah, S. (2010). „Away with the fairies?“ Disability within primary-age children's literature. Disability & Society, 25(3), 373–386. doi.org/10.1080/09687591003701355 abstract
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How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
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How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
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Friendship and disability
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How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
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Dyches, T. T., & Prater, M. A. (2005). Characterization of developmental disability in children's fiction. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 40(3), 202–216. doi.org/10.1177/215416470504000303 abstract
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Friendship and disability · How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Favazza, P. C., & Odom, S. L. (1997). Promoting positive attitudes of kindergarten-age children toward people with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 63(3), 405–418. doi.org/10.1177/001440299706300308 abstract
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How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Gulya, N., & Fehérvári, A. (2023). The impact of literary works containing characters with disabilities on students' perception and attitudes towards people with disabilities. International Journal of Educational Research, 117, 102132. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102132 abstract
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How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Kleekamp, M. C., & Zapata, A. (2019). Interrogating depictions of disability in children's picturebooks. The Reading Teacher, 72(5), 589–597. doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1766 abstract
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Friendship and disability
Lindsay, S., & Edwards, A. (2013). A systematic review of disability awareness interventions for children and youth. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(8), 623–646. doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.702850 abstract
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Friendship and disability · How do you talk to your child about a disabled classmate?
Mack, K., Qadri, R., Denton, E., Kane, S. K., & Bennett, C. L. (2024). „They only care to show us the wheelchair“: Disability representation in text-to-image AI models. CHI '24, 1–23. doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642166 abstract
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Friendship and disability
Webber, C., Santi, E., Cebula, K., Crompton, C. J., & McGeown, S. (2024). Representation of neurodivergence in fiction books: Exploring neurodivergent young peoples' perspectives. Literacy, 58(3), 322–334. doi.org/10.1111/lit.12369 abstract
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Friendship and disability